Proteins

Proteins are the molecules that do the majority of the work in a cell. They make up most of the cell’s structure, facilitate chemical reactions, carry molecular signals in and out of the cell, turn genes on and off and much more. A cell’s genes provide the recipe for assembling the correct building blocks – called amino acids – to make specific proteins (see DNA 101).

A short sequence of amino acids is called a peptide; a chain of many amino acids is a polypeptide. But a protein is more than just the sum of its parts – how it folds, the shape it takes and its interactions with other proteins also influence its identity and function. Those factors are determined not only by the amino acid sequence, but also by other chemical modifications made to the protein as it’s being built, or even later. Protein modifications are named for the type of chemical group added. For example,you see that a phosphate group is added in a process called phosphorylation, which can alter a protein’s function.

Once assembled, the best-known proteins are those that perform specialized functions, such as enzymes, antibodies, toxins or hormones.

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About DNA

DNA101

DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid. Two chains of four chemical bases (abbreviated A, T, C and G) make up DNA and act as a cell’s recipe book to make proteins. The particular sequence of a DNA chain – meaning the precise order of the four chemical bases – determines what protein will be made. A DNA segment beginning with ATTCGC would produce a very different protein than one that starts with CCGTAT. This can be likened to adjusting the order of letters in a word. Though the letters are the same, the meaning changes. For example, act means something very different than cat.

Not all DNA is destined to become a protein. Just as a recipe might contain more information than just a list of ingredients, only some regions of your DNA – called genes – are directly translated into proteins. Cellular machinery follows the instructions written in a gene’s recipe to create a corresponding sequence of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which is chemically similar to DNA but acts as a messenger, carrying the recipe from the nucleus. Out in the cell’s cytosol, the mRNA sequence is read by more machines, called ribosomes. Following the mRNA instructions, ribosomes string together amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. Proteins do most of the work in the cell.

As cells divide, producing two cells where there was once only one, the parent cell’s DNA is duplicated and the same protein-making recipe is passed on to the daughter cell.

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Takers

A seasoned team of bank robbers, including Gordon Jennings (Idris Elba), John Rahway (Paul Walker), A.J. (Hayden Christensen), and brothers Jake (Michael Ealy) and Jesse Attica (Chris Brown) successfully complete their latest heist and lead a life of luxury while planning their next job. When Ghost (Tip T.I. Harris), a former member of their team, is released from prison he convinces the group to strike an armored car carrying $20 million. As the “takers” carefully plot out their strategy and draw nearer to exacting the grand heist, a reckless police officer (Matt Dillon) inches closer to apprehending the criminals.The great story in 2010.

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Amazing pics

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About Aquarius

Daily Overview for December 20, 2010

Quickie

Reconnecting with an old friend today will remind you of how much you've grown.

Overview

Your unique P.O.V. comes into play in a really positive way today, as it might attract attention from the right person at work or get you that date you've been trying to get for far too long.

Aquarius: Love & Relationships:

Daily Flirt:

You are totally hot right now, even before you work on your hair or run through your morning regimen. If someone comes looking for you, look right back at them a little more deeply.

Daily Couples:

Your loved one might not be able to make a decision just yet, and you're starting to feel like this might affect you detrimentally. Give it a day or two. Believe it or not, you have more time than you think.

Daily Singles:

Now is a terrific time to rethink your romantic values and ideals. Don't be nervous about expanding your horizons. Just because you date someone who isn't your type, that doesn't mean you're settling.

Monthly Love (This Month)

You want to connect. They want to connect. You want to connect with each other. So call them up, already! Or walk over and ask them for their phone number (and name). Or talk to your mutual friend about getting set up. Whatever it is you do, be sure to do something on the 1st! The connection has happened, and seems to be going pretty well on the 5th. Your deepest wishes are looking very likely to come true on the 9th and 10th. But it wouldn't hurt to throw a penny in a wishing-well, just to be sure. Reach out to lend a hand to the less fortunate on the 15th and you'll be richer for it. A super romantic meeting changes everything (as least for now) on the 19th and 20th. What a holiday treat! Make sure you aren't totally wrapped up in your various duties on the 25th and 26th. Save a little energy for romance! A thorough going over of all your romantic ups and downs in the last year will serve you well in the next one. So give some serious thought to where you've been on the 29th and 30th. Turn your attention to where you want to go on the 31st. Be sure to invite them along!

Famous January Aquarians:

Brett Butler

Heather Graham

Joey Fatone

John Travolta

Jennifer Aniston

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About Aries.

Daily Overview for December, 2010

Quickie:

Put your new ideas about life, love and especially your wallet to work today.

Overview:
You have got to get your way today (even more so than on other days), but you shouldn't burn bridges -- they are sure to stay burnt. Draw on your tact reserves to keep people feeling friendly.

Aries: Daily Extended Overview:

This is probably one of your favorite times of the year. Everyone is a bit more sociable -- and even the meekest among us are a lot more willing to try something new, at least once. Now, you've never needed any prodding when it comes to experimentation, so you'll be even more impetuous, impulsive and risk-loving than usual. Sure, it's hard to believe, but it's true, and you'll enjoy every minute -- especially now that you have a playmate who's equally game.

Aries: Daily Teen Overview:

Think Victorian aristocracy. Beautiful things, love letters, poetry read aloud and fancy accessories will thrill and excite you all day long. Furthermore, you'll impress others with your aesthetic dedication.

Aries: Weekly Overview:

Friends and allies are in the stars on Monday -- you plus others equals great things. So why go it alone? Around Tuesday and Wednesday, try as you might to get something off the ground, the cosmic energy's creating a bit of a fog. You might just need to wait for things to clarify -- which can happen as soon as Thursday and Friday. These are super days to explore ideas, situations and (yes!) romantic matters. Have at it in your energetic fashion! You're super-hot now. When the weekend comes, money might be on your mind -- or maybe it should be. How's that budget?

Aries: Monthly Overview:

Putting number one (i.e., 'you') first isn't going to be the very best strategy on the 1st. Nope, as this month gets started, you'd be well advised to put your honey bunny, your family, your coworkers and, heck, even your boss first. Yep, it's the season of giving, and the better you are at doing just that, the more luck you're going to have. So bury those selfish impulses under an avalanche of good will and selfless acts. Things will work out great! By the 4th and 5th, you'll need to buckle down at work if you really want to get done everything you need to before the holiday madness really hits. So buckle down, already! You're in a great space to make the changes you've wanted to make on the 10th. Oh, and by the way, you'll accomplish a few goals, while you're at it! Take care not to tread on any raw feelings on the 12th and 13th. You're the cat's meow on the 14th and 15th. The 20th might be emotional. Roll with it, and the 25th should proceed entirely according to plan. Do some emotional assessment -- and planning -- on the 29th, 30th and 31st.

Aries: Love Relationships:

Daily Flirt:

A super-challenging day like today calls for just one thing: a super-self-indulgent nap! Barring that, the best reaction to today's hustle and bustle is to lay low and wait for things to simplify

Daily Couples:

Really, your sweetie pie is still the same person -- you're just seeing them in a completely different way. When the scales drop from your eyes, you get a new chance to realize what the truth is.

Daily Singles:

You may want to move forward with this low-key relationship, but you don't know what to say. Don't force the issue -- your energy and honesty can get you through this. You should come out smiling on the other end.

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kitchen Accessories

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